AH 937-947; 962-963 / AD 1530-1540; 1555-1556

Humayun, the eldest son of Babur, was born on March 6, 1508. He succeeded his father as the second ruler of the Mughal Empire in India. Humayun's early reign was marked by challenges, including conflicts with regional rulers and internal dissent. His most formidable opponent was Sher Shah Suri, who defeated him in 1540, leading to Humayun's exile.

During his years in exile, Humayun sought refuge in Persia. With the support of the Safavid ruler Shah Tahmasp I, he managed to gather a force and, in 1555, successfully recaptured Delhi from the Suri dynasty. Humayun's return to power was short-lived, as he died on January 27, 1556, just a year after reclaiming the throne, due to a fall from the stairs of his library.

Humayun's significance lies not only in his role as the second ruler of the Mughal Empire but also in his contributions to the empire's administrative and cultural foundations. He introduced Persian culture and art to India, laying the groundwork for the flourishing of Mughal art and architecture under his son, Akbar. His reign also marked the consolidation of the Mughal Empire in northern India, providing a stable base for future expansion and cultural development.